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How Microbial Neighbors Settle Differences
Even microbes are governed by the principle of supply and demand - at least at the genetic level. Not all of their gene products, the blueprints for proteins, are required at all times. That means most of their genes only become active when they are needed, as is the case in higher organisms. In the simplest case, a transcription factor will activate the gene in question at the right time. Genes that are regulated in a somewhat more complex manner, on the other hand, are kept inactive by a repressor that is removed only when the gene is needed. Which of these two regulation mechanisms will develop is a question of demand, along the lines of a "use-it-or-lose-it" principle: if genes are frequently active, then, as a rule, they will be directly induced. Genes that encode more rarely used proteins, on the other hand, tend to be kept inactive by repressors. LMU physicist Ulrich Gerland and Professor Terence Hwa of the University of California have now demonstrated using computer simulations and theoretical analyses that another - indeed opposing - principle also comes into play: "wear-and-tear". According to this principle, direct activation can lead to harmful changes. "Which of the two principles prevails depends on evolutionary criteria such as the population size and the periods over which environmental changes take place," says Gerland. "Our study may serve as a useful basis for more detailed studies of the evolution of regulatory systems." (PNAS Early Edition, 22 Mai 2009)
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FDA Approves New Total Ankle Replacement System
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved a total ankle replacement system for arthritic or deformed ankles that may preserve some range of motion in the joint.
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Nursing Shortage Eases With Recession's Help
"The nation"s deep recession is helping to alleviate the decade-long nursing shortage, as workers who had left the field in better times are returning in droves," the Wall Street Journal reports. The paper quotes a study, one of six papers on the nursing workforce published today in the journal Health Affairs, that found "nearly a quarter-million nurses entered the work force in 2007-08, an 18% surge that was the largest two-year increase in at least three decades." Many of them had left nursing, but "re-entered the work force to compensate for a spouse"s lost income or health benefits, the study said." The increase is "particularly remarkable at a time when the U.S. economy has shed more than six million jobs, helping to solidify the profession"s "recession-proof" image." The study found that the surge in new nurses is due to "efforts to expand nursing schools, attract more young people into the field and improve working conditions," along with an increase in the number of foreign-born nurses.
Nutrition

NECT Added To WHO Essential Medicines List As Combination Treatment Against Sleeping Sickness

NECT (Nifurtimox-Eflornithine Combination Therapy), a new treatment option against sleeping sickness, a fatal disease which threatens 60 million people across sub-Saharan Africa, has been added to the Essential Medicines List (EML) of the World Health Organization (WHO) based on the application submitted by the non-profit Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) and supported by Epicentre and Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF). According to the WHO, NECT can now be used in patients and will provide an opportunity to improve the management of sleeping sickness cases. WHO has already made preparations for the arrival of this improved therapeutic opportunity and will work to ensure that patients have access to NECT by providing appropriate training and supplying the drugs and necessary equipment to disease-endemic countries. NECT, a co-administration schedule of oral nifurtimox and intravenous eflornithine, is made available through donations to WHO by sanofi-aventis for eflornithine and Bayer for nifurtimox. A pivotal, 5-year long Phase III study comparing NECT with eflornithine used alone was recently completed by a partnership including Epicentre, MSF, DNDi, the Swiss Tropical Institute, and the national sleeping sickness control programmes of the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. "This study was built on previous Epicentre and MSF studies that identified this particular drug combination as a promising therapy. It has provided some of the strongest evidence in sleeping sickness research to date, and has demonstrated NECT to be a better treatment option for advanced-stage sleeping sickness, as compared with the two current treatments which are either toxic or too complicated to use," remarked Emmanuel Baron, Director of Epicentre. "NECT is critical in our efforts to address the needs of neglected patients suffering from a fatal disease," added Christophe Fournier, MSF"s International Council president. "This improved treatment needs to be rolled out urgently to replace the current most commonly used therapy which kills one in every 20 patients." "We at DNDi welcome this decision and the rallying by the sleeping sickness community in support of this application as it underscores the practical improvement and impact NECT can make in the field today," commented Bernard Pcoul, Executive Director of DNDi. "No new drugs for stage 2 sleeping sickness are expected in the next five years, so there is an urgent need to develop new treatments based on currently available drugs, especially through combinations. However, even with the importance of this development, we have made but one step on the path to ultimately meeting patient needs." About sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis; HAT) Commonly known as sleeping sickness, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a life-threatening illness which threatens 60 million people in 36 countries, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT mainly affects working adults, which means it has an immense social and economic impact on local communities in HAT-endemic countries, many of which already have to contend with poverty and armed conflict as well as other major diseases such as malaria. Transmitted by tsetse flies, HAT exists in two forms, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b. gambiense) or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b. rhodesiense) disease. T.b. gambiense HAT accounts for approximately 97% of reported cases and is endemic in 24 countries; this form of the disease is more chronic than its rhodesiense counterpart. The initial haemolymphatic stage disease (stage 1) often goes undiagnosed as there are few differential clinical symptoms. If left untreated, the disease progresses into the advanced meningo-encephalitic stage (stage 2) when the parasites cross over the blood-brain barrier and invade the patient"s central nervous system (CNS). This stage 2 disease causes neuropsychiatric problems, convulsions, and serious sleep disturbance; eventually these symptoms lead to coma. Without appropriate treatment, the disease is invariably fatal. HAT places a large burden on communities and individual households. In 2002, WHO estimated that approximately 1.5 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were lost due to HAT. A more recent study in the DRC showed that the cost to each household following a HAT outbreak was equivalent to 5 months" income for that household. No new drugs for stage 2 HAT are expected in the next five years; new treatments based on currently available drugs, especially through combinations, are urgently needed. NECT offers: -- Comparable efficacy and safety with eflornithine (gold standard) -- Safer than melarsoprol (still used in 70% of patients with advanced-stage sleeping sickness) -- Easier to administer & to transport - Less burden on the health infrastructure - More convenient for the patient -- More affordable - Fewer quantities of drug and related materials - Shorter hospitalization -- Potentially protective against the emergence of resistant parasites -- HOWEVER, it involves two drugs with different routes of administration and requires trained health care workers because of the intravenous infusions DNDi, Epicentre and MSF


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